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Stages of Grief After a Breakup: The Evidence

Breakup grief does not move in stages, and one diary study found the emotions run on different curves. Contact with your ex slows two of them measurably.

4 min read

Pop-art illustration of a person with long hair standing at an open window with one hand on the sill, looking out towards trees and a building.

Key takeaways

  • The five stages were never established as a sequence people pass through, and the one large study that tested the order found acceptance was the most commonly reported response from the earliest point measured.
  • A diary study of people whose relationships had just ended found the emotions moved on different curves rather than in stages: love declined steadily while sadness, anger and relief rose and fell.
  • That study also found contact with the former partner slowed the decline in love and sadness. It is the most actionable finding here and the one people least want to hear.
  • Breakup loss is rarely treated as grief by the people around you, which removes the rituals and permissions that bereavement gets. That absence is a real part of why it lasts.
  • Relief appearing alongside sadness is ordinary and is not evidence you never cared or that you made the wrong decision.

There are no stages of grief after a breakup, in the sense people mean when they search for them. The sequence everybody can name was not derived from studying recovery, and when the ordering was tested it did not behave the way the model predicts.

What research does offer is more specific and considerably more useful, including one finding that tells you what to actually do this week.

Where the five stages came from

Denial, anger, bargaining, depression and acceptance were proposed in a 1969 book about how people face their own terminal illness. They were observations from clinical work, not a measured sequence, and they were never about losing a partner who is still alive.

When the ordering was examined empirically in bereavement, the pattern did not hold: acceptance was the most frequently reported response from the earliest point measured, rather than the destination arrived at last. [maciejewski-2007-breakup-stages]

Our guide to the stages of grief covers that study and the bereavement picture in full. The grief hub covers what grief does more generally. This page is about the version where the person is still alive, still online, and still has an opinion about you.

What the emotions actually do

A study followed people whose relationships had recently ended, signalling them at random over four weeks to record how they felt. [sbarra-2005-breakup-emotions]

The emotions did not take turns. They ran simultaneously on different shapes: love declined steadily over the weeks, while sadness, anger and relief each rose and then fell.

That is the difference between a stage model and what happens. You are not waiting to finish anger so that acceptance can start. Several things are running at once, at different speeds, and a day where all of them spike is not a relapse.

Not stages, different curves Illustrative
0 25 50 75 100 Intensity 85 Week 1: denial 80 Week 2: anger 75 Week 3: bargaining 82 Week 4: acceptance
0 25 50 75 100 Intensity 62 Love, declining steadily 70 Sadness, up then down 55 Anger, up then down 48 Relief, present throughout

A schematic of the pattern described in this article and in the diary study cited. Not measured data, and individual variation was substantial.

The right-hand view is why “which stage am I in” has no answer. You are in all of them, in different amounts, today.

The finding worth acting on

The same study found that contact with the former partner slowed the decline in love and in sadness. [sbarra-2005-breakup-emotions]

This is an association rather than proof that contact causes the delay, and it is consistent with what almost everyone reports. Each contact re-supplies the attachment with something to work on.

The practical reading is not that contact is forbidden. It is that contact has a cost, that the cost is measurable, and that it should be a decision rather than a reflex. Checking their profile is contact. So is the message drafted at midnight and not sent, which keeps the person in mind for the rest of the night regardless.

Where contact is unavoidable, because of children, a shared tenancy or the same workplace, the useful move is narrowing it to what is actually required rather than eliminating it.

Why it is harder than people admit

Bereavement comes with a social apparatus. A funeral, cards, time off, a period where nobody expects much of you, and an unambiguous label for what happened.

A breakup gets almost none of that. The loss is real and the permissions are missing, and after a couple of weeks the expectation is usually that you are over it. That mismatch is a genuine part of why it takes longer than people think it should.

Two other things make it distinctive. The person still exists, so the loss is renewable in a way death is not. And the relationship gets re-evaluated in retrospect, so you are not only losing the future but revising the past.

What is keeping it going?

Tick anything true. This is a reflection prompt rather than a test, and it produces no diagnosis.

0 of 8 ticked

No screener on this site measures grief, and the depression screener is not a substitute: grief and depression overlap in appearance and are not the same thing, and answering a depression questionnaire in the fortnight after a breakup will tell you mostly that you have had a breakup. The hub lists what we do cover.

When to seek help

See a doctor if months have passed with no change at all, if you cannot work or eat or sleep, if you are drinking more to get through evenings, or if the loss has left you feeling that nothing is worth doing.

Ask about talking therapy by name, and check whether the service near you takes a referral you make yourself, since a good many do. If the difficulty is that grief has become stuck rather than slow, our guide to prolonged grief disorder covers the distinction and what treatment exists.

Go urgently if you have thoughts of harming yourself or ending your life.

How MyFreud can help

The direction of travel after a breakup is almost impossible to see from inside a bad evening, because the bad evenings are the ones you remember. MyFreud gives you daily mood tracking that takes seconds, which turns “nothing has changed” into something you can actually check.

Download MyFreud and start today: App Store or Google Play.

Frequently asked questions

What are the stages of grief after a breakup?

The five stages people repeat, denial, anger, bargaining, depression and acceptance, come from a 1969 book about facing terminal illness rather than from research into how people recover from anything. When the sequence was tested empirically in bereavement, acceptance was the most frequently reported response from the earliest point measured, which is not what a stage model predicts. Expecting to pass through them in order tends to make people feel they are grieving wrongly.

How long does it take to get over a breakup?

There is no fixed timetable, and averages are close to useless for an individual. What research can say is more specific and more useful: in a diary study of recent breakups, love declined steadily over the weeks while sadness, anger and relief rose and then fell, and contact with the former partner slowed that decline. The variability between people was large, so somebody recovering faster or slower than you is not evidence about you.

Why does a breakup hurt as much as a bereavement?

Because the attachment system does not distinguish between kinds of absence, and because breakup loss comes with disadvantages bereavement does not have. Nobody sends cards. There is no funeral, no time off, and no social agreement that you are entitled to be unwell for a while. The person also still exists, still has opinions, and can be looked at online, so the loss keeps being renewed rather than settling.

Does no contact actually help?

The evidence points that way. In the same diary study, contact with the former partner slowed the decline in both love and sadness, which is exactly what people report anecdotally and exactly what is hardest to act on. That is an association rather than proof, and there are situations where contact is unavoidable, such as shared children or housing. Where it is optional, treating it as something that extends the process rather than eases it fits the data.

Is it normal to feel relieved?

Yes, and relief showing up alongside sadness is one of the most commonly misread parts of this. In the diary research, relief followed its own curve rather than replacing the other emotions. Feeling it does not mean you never loved the person, and feeling sad does not mean ending it was wrong. Both being present at once is the ordinary case rather than a contradiction to resolve.

References

  1. 1.Maciejewski PK, Zhang B, Block SD, Prigerson HG ( 2007). An Empirical Examination of the Stage Theory of Grief. JAMA, 297(7), 716-723. jamanetwork.com . doi:10.1001/jama.297.7.716
  2. 2.Sbarra DA, Emery RE ( 2005). The emotional sequelae of nonmarital relationship dissolution: Analysis of change and intraindividual variability over time. Personal Relationships, 12(2), 213-232. doi:10.1111/j.1350-4126.2005.00112.x